Ultrasound imaging of acute scrotum: Pictorial review with etiological correlation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46475/aseanjr.v21i2.86Keywords:
Acute scrotum, Testis, High resolution ultrasound, Color dopplerAbstract
High resolution ultrasound with color Doppler is the first-line imaging investigation in the evaluation of acute scrotum. It plays a crucial role in distinguishing urological emergencies necessitating immediate surgical exploration from those that can be managed conservatively. Acute scrotal pathologies can involve the scrotal sac or its contents like testis, epididymis and testicular appendages and could range from benign, self-limiting conditions to emergencies. In this pictorial essay, we briefly review the ultrasonographic technique, scrotal anatomy and characteristic imaging features of various pathologies presented as acute scrotum.
Downloads
Metrics
References
McAndrew HF, Pemberton R, Kikiros CS, Gollow I. The incidence and investigation of acute scrotal problems in children. Pediatr Surg Int 2002;18:435-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-002-0806-3.
Günther P, Rübben I. The acute scrotum in childhood and adolescence. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2012;109:449-57;quiz 458. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2012.0449.
Patiala B. Role of color doppler in scrotal lesions. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2009;19:187-90. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.54874.
Avery LL, Scheinfeld MH. Imaging of penile and scrotal emergencies. Radiographics 2013;33:721-40. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.333125158.
Resende DAQP, Souza LRMF, Monteiro IO, Caldas MHS. Scrotal collections: pictorial essay correlating sonographic with magnetic resonance imaging findings. Radiol Bras 2014;47:43-8.
Vijayaraghavan SB. Sonographic differential diagnosis of acute scrotum: real-time whirlpool sign, a key sign of torsion. J Ultrasound Med 2006;25:563-74. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2006.25.5.563.
Ragheb D, Higgins JL Jr. Ultrasonography of the scrotum: technique, anatomy, and pathologic entities. J Ultrasound Med 2002;21:171-85. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2002.21.2.171.
Guideline developed in collaboration with the American College of Radiology; Society for Pediatric Radiology; Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound. AIUM practice guideline for the performance of scrotal ultrasound examinations. J Ultrasound Med 2015;34:1-5. https://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.34.8.15.13.0006.
Dogra VS, Bhatt S, Rubens DJ. Sonographic evaluation of testicular torsion. Ultrasound Clin 2006;1:55-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cult.2005.09.006.
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, Rubens DJ. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology 2003;227:18-36. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2271001744.
Doherty, FJ. Ultrasound of the nonacute scrotum. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1991;12:131-56.
Healy JC. Spermatic cords and scrotum. In: Standring S, editor. Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. 39th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2005. p.1313-4.
Bhaskar MV, Pramod JS. Pictorial essay of high resolution and colour doppler sonography of scrotal pathologies. The Internet Journal of Radiology [Internet] 2009[cited 2020 Jan 2 ];12(2):[about 15 p.]. Avalable from: https://print.ispub.com/api/0/ispub-article/13505.
Castleberg E, Jenson N, Dinh VA. Diagnosis of necrotizing faciitis with bedside ultrasound: the STAFF exam. West J Emerg Med 2014;15:111-3. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2013.8.18303.
Mandava A, Rao RP, Kumar DA, Naga Prasad IS. Imaging in emphysematous epididymo-orchitis: a rare cause of acute scrotum. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2014;24:306-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.137067.
Muttarak M, Lojanapiwat B. The painful scrotum: an ultrasonographical approach to diagnosis. Singapore Med J 2005;46:352-7; quiz 358.
Lobianco R, Regine R, De Siero M, Catalano O, Caiazzo C, Ragozzino A. Contrast-enhanced sonography in blunt scrotal trauma(). J Ultrasound 2011;14:188-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jus.2011.09.003.
Deurdulian C, Mittelstaedt CA, Chong WK, Fielding JR. US of acute scrotal trauma: optimal technique, imaging findings, and management. Radiographics 2007;27:357-69. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.272065117.
Coursey Moreno C, Small WC, Camacho JC, Master V, Kokabi N, Lewis M, et al. Testicular tumors: what radiologists need to know--differential diagnosis, staging, and management. Radiographics 2015;35:400-15. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.352140097.
Bhatt S, Rubens DJ, Dogra VS. Sonography of benign intrascrotal lesions. Ultrasound Q 2006;22:121-36. https://doi.org/10.1097/00013644-200606000-00025.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 The ASEAN Journal of Radiology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Disclosure Forms and Copyright Agreements
All authors listed on the manuscript must complete both the electronic copyright agreement. (in the case of acceptance)