DISTRIBUTION OF THE SIZES OF KIDNEY STONES IN A COMMUNITY
Keywords:
dyspepsia, hyperechoic foci, myofascial pain, purine rich food, ultrasoundAbstract
Background: Small stone is easy to manage but difficult to diagnose. We aimed to determine the size distribution of kidney stones (KS) in rural community using 256-grey-scale ultrasonography (US) with multiple anatomical approaches.
Method: The modified fist test (MFT) and urine strip test by the urine analyzer (UriluxS S) was performed.The presence of hyperechoic foci (HYF) were considered to be significant when fulfilled with the 3 criteria: i.e., denser, unusual place, and nearby calyectasis.
Results: A total of 1,423 subjects, aged between 18 and 72 years were enrolled and HYF were detected in 606 subjects (42.6%). HYF findings were significantly associated (p <0.05, Pearson Chi-Square) with eight chronic health complaints: myofascial pain, back pain, dyspepsia, arthralgia, fatigue, frank paresthesia, dysuria and any of these aggravated by purine-rich foods. Another four significantly associated variables including: [1] a positive MFT, [2] blood relative with KS, [3] age >45, and [4] the presence of red blood cells. We calculated the expected number of KS in each size by the number of HYF and the figures from part 1. The expected percentage distribution of KS was 54.3, 23.9,13.1, 4.5, 1.7, 1.4 and 1.1% percent in stone size 5.0, 5.1-7.5, 7.6-10.0, 10.1-12.5, 12.6-15.0, 15.1-20.0 and >20.0 mm, respectively.
Conclusions: We concluded that nine from ten of the KS detected in the community were small (<10 mm), thus active management at the community level should be the prime concern.
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